Parent FAQs: What should I buy my child for Christmas?

I know this is a bit late in the game, but I've been getting this question a lot, and if you are like me, you make heavy use of Amazon Prime the last few days before the holidays.  So, here goes!

Will's first Christmas (in 2014) was sure exciting!

As I'm sure will come as no surprise based on my last post, my #1 recommendation is . . .

Books! 

Books may feel old-fashioned, or too educational, or too low tech, but they aren't too expensive, don't need batteries, travel well, are easy to store, and last for a long time.  Giving books as gifts emphasizes that they are special and deserve to be treasured.  We give Will books as gifts for every birthday and holiday:

The Easter Bunny is a total nerd.

The issue we run into is that we already own a lot of books, and we make generous use of our local library, so it's not clear what books we are worth purchasing.  We want to chose books that Will will love, treasure, and remember fondly, without spoiling him and buying him dozens of books he will never read. So, here are few guidelines I use to choose books as gifts for Will. 

Books that we have checked out from the library again and again.  There are few library books that Will is never willing to say goodbye to.  This starts to feel unfair to the other kids, plus these books have become part of our memories of this year, so Will will get a few brand-new copies of his favorites to unwrap on Christmas: This is Paris, A B See, and Snow. (Note: this works best if you have returned them to the library at least few weeks before the gifting. Will has been asking about some of his favorites, and he understands that someone else is reading them now, so he will be thrilled to get them back!)

We like to test-drive books before buying them!

Books we can't get at the library.  Will loves This is Paris, but the other books by the same author aren't available at our library, so we giving Will This is New York.

Books that are out of print.  One of Will's favorite library books this year was Susan Jeffers' beautiful Hansel and Gretel. She has illustrated many gorgeous fairy tales and songs, and Will finds her work mesmerizing. However, many of her classics are out of print, so this year Will is getting a used copy of her Thumbelina before it's gone for good!  Note: I believe it's perfectly fine, even lovely, to give children used books as gifts!  Books don't have to be brand new and expensive; children will love them and wear them out anyway.  I buy used books at used books stores, library sales, garage sales, on Amazon, etc.

Books about holidays.  We have a collection of Christmas books that we add to a little every year.  These books are put away most of the year, and we read them before bed only during the holidays. This was a family tradition for me growing up and my father continues it with Will when we are together. I've always remembered those books fondly and I'm glad we still own them so we can continue the tradition. In addition, it's pretty hard to get seasonal books from the library during the right seasons!  Our current favorites include How the Grinch Stole Christmas, Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer, Christmas Mice, Olivia Helps with Christmas, and our family treasury is The Norman Rockwell Christmas Book.

My dad reading Will his nightly Christmas story

Books that reflect our values. This year, we feel more passionate than ever before that we provide Will with books that reflect the diversity of our global society. We include in this category books about traveling to other countries, books in other languages, books that highlight, not hide, our nation's history, and books that feature main characters that don't look the same way we do or have our privileges. Some of my favorites in this category are Gorrion del Metro,  Henry's Freedom Box, and Last Stop on Market Street. I recommend The Coretta Scott King Award page for more great books that are often overlooked.

We have counting books in several languages.

Other Great Gifts

• Sidewalk chalk.  If you live in a cold snowy place, like we do, you can include a small hand-held chalkboard, or paint chalkboard paint on a wall or table so you can enjoy sidewalk chalk all year. I find the sidewalk chalk works better for little ones than traditional chalk, which they tend to break.
  
• Bathtub crayons! Seriously this was the best thing we got Will last year other than books.  He used every crayon until it was tiny nub.
  
• Crayons, markers, and fun things to write on.  I like these huge post it notes for displaying Will's work!
  
• An alphabet puzzle or magnetic letters.  Will loves to play with the letter pieces in his alphabet puzzle. Sometimes we copy or trace them, sometimes we look for them in books, and sometimes we load them into his toy garbage truck to take them to the dump.  

  

  
  

Will is using his puzzle letters to start to work on matching letter sounds to key words.

Finally, my recommendation is to buy things that are not expensive, don't have batteries or need to be charged, and don't make noise.  One of my favorite Christmas stories growing up was Laura Ingalls Wilder's "Mr. Edwards Meets Santa Claus," which ends:

"Think of having a whole penny for your very own. Think of having a cup and a cake and a stick of candy and a penny. That was a happy Christmas."

The best literacy gifts are not the gifts themselves, but interactions and memories with you and your loved ones over the holidays and make lasting memories. Happy Holidays from our family to yours!

Happy Holidays!

The Five Main Things We Do: Read, Read, and Read!

Read, Read, and Read!

Can't get enough!

Will was born 3.5 weeks before my due date, so we were not at all prepared.  I think a better phrase to describe us at the time would be in denial.  I thought, "oh, I'm having a new kind of Braxton Hicks, but these hurt." I managed to keep that up until 5am, when it was clear we had to go to the hospital. We barely had a car seat -- it was still in its Amazon box -- so we did an overall pretty haphazard job of packing.  We also lived an hour from the hospital, so there as no way to go back for the things we forgot.  And one of the things we forgot was a book.

I was so crushed by this oversight that my husband ran out to the drug store and bought a book.  It was not a good book. But Will had a bedtime story on the day he was born:

Will with his Grandma Janet and Aunt Julia on the day he was born, April 21, 2014

This was important to me for the same reasons it's important to you; we've all heard it a million times; reading to children is the most important thing we can do for them. Reading, every day, from birth.  Most parents know and agree with this position, even if they don't know exactly why.

As a literacy researcher, I also agree with this position, for two main reasons: reading to children builds literacy knowledge and literacy motivation.

First, reading aloud to children builds all the early literacy skills I've described in earlier posts.  It builds language knowledge, most importantly, vocabulary.  Reading aloud just as important to building language as talking to your child. Reading aloud is critical because literary language is very different from oral language.

In oral language, we tend to use casual, informal words over and over: "Hi, how are you? How as your day? What did you do at school? What do you want for dinner?" Vocabulary researchers conceptualize three "tiers" of words that children can learn (Beck, McKeown, & Kucan, 2013):



Tier 1 includes all these common, every day words: happy, sunny, cold, diaper, bedtime. Children need these words to express their feelings and communicate with others, so they are very important! But by age 2 or 3, they understand and can use many or even most of these words.  Conversations with your children are still very important, but the bulk of new vocabulary learning will happen when they encounter more rare words in Tiers 2 and 3.

Tier 2 includes more complex words that are synonyms for words or ideas that children already know. For example, instead of happy, children learn excited, thrilled, and overjoyed. Instead of cold, they learn freezing, frigid, icy, frostbitten. These are book-words, words that tend to be used in books, across content areas (science, history, geography, etc.). As a result, hearing these words in meaningful contexts is directly preparing your child to read literary texts and content area texts down the road. As a result, these words are sometimes called "academic vocabulary" because they help children read and write in school contexts.

At the same time, these words may or may not come up in your ordinary conversations, even if you are talking to your child a lot and have a large vocabulary.  Even very smart, highly educated adults tend to use the same words over and over again in our speech, as indicated in this study, which found that children's books include more complex and rare vocabulary than conversations between adults. Reading books to your children, therefore, pushes you to use more Tier 2 words than you would naturally.

Tier 3 words are content-specific words. We could think of these words as science or history vocabulary; words like planet, mammal, canal, or pharaoh. These words are also important for success in school, but they are important because of the concepts they represent; when children learn these words they are acquiring new knowledge as well as vocabulary.  Background knowledge is critical for reading comprehension, so building this vocabulary and knowledge also supports long-term reading success. These words also rarely come up in everyday conversation, but often come up in great children's books, especially works of nonfiction.  My Tier 3 vocabulary has greatly expanded since having a toddler, to include words like: excavator, backhoe loader, motor grader, feller buncher, and much more!

So vocabulary is a big reason you are reading to your kids every day, even when the going gets tough. However, the books themselves also provide an important learning tool. As children watch you read and handle books, they develop concepts of print, including knowledge about how to hold a book, how words the words in the book tell the story, how text moves across the page, how to turn pages, and that letters make up words. All of these mechanisms are opaque to children at first! For a while, Will would want me to read to him in the car, even if it was dark, because he didn't understand that I needed to see the words to read them!  Now he is showing much more interest in identifying letters and words on the pages, in addition to enjoying the story. Two strategies can help kids develop these kinds of knowledge about print:

• talking about the print in books as you read (called print referencing; Justice & Ezell, 2000)
• giving kids lots of opportunities to handle books on their own

Finally, reading aloud to children builds their motivation to learn to read. They get to experience the wonders of reading before they have to do the work of reading: engaging characters, exciting plots, beautiful language, and worlds of new facts. Unlike vocabulary flash cards, or alphabet tracing or copying, or phonics games or worksheets, reading aloud with your child helps build literacy skills during in an authentic way. The purpose of reading is reading, and reading aloud to children helps them connect reading with your love and attention and develop positive associations that can last a lifetime.

So keep up the good work!

Everyday Literacy: Election Edition

This election is the worst. I hope everyone is hanging in there. The thing I love about the election, however, is the YARD SIGNS!

And so does Will.* Our walk to school involves stopping by many, many yards signs these days, so this has become a staple in our literacy routine.  I thought I would share this with you, and maybe you can try it out this weekend before the signs are gone! And to take your mind off the election.  

Any kind of sign or label can provide a great literacy interaction with your child, but yard signs are particularly good for little ones because they are right there at their level and right there in their neighborhoods.We have a lot Hillary signs in our neighborhood, so Will recognizes those right off. He loves to identify the big H and say, "huh-huh-Hillary"!  This is great because he is working on his letter-sound correspondences and his phonological awareness for beginning sounds at the same time.

Next, Will likes to try to name all the other letters on the sign. The Clinton-Kaine sign has a mixture of upper- and lowercase letters. I've noticed he can recognize the uppercase C, uppercase K, and the lowercase o. This is normal! Kids generally learn to recognize uppercase letters first, followed by the lowercase letters that look like their uppercase forms (e.g., O,o, S,s, X,x). Lowercase letters that look quite different, however, are trickier. For example, Will thinks the lowercase l is an I or 1.  Can't blame him, can you? He also thinks that the es are 3s. This is all normal, too. Kids don't strongly distinguish between letters and numbers at this stage. So, I like this Clinton-Kaine sign because it provides him with some easy letters and some challenges.

Next we move on to ALL THE OTHER SIGNS. We have a contested school board election here, so there are a lot of signs.

As you can see, each sign has different fonts and combinations of upper- and lowercase letters. This is great! Recognizing letters across fonts is an important part of developing alphabet knowledge. Having so many signs in one spot means we can compare and contrast and match upper- and lowercase As and Ms, for example.

Look at that huge S! Very exciting!

When Will is "reading" the signs, I let him identify letters as he wants. If it calls an m and n, for example, I don't usually correct him. But, he generally knows if he is confused, and asks for help, and if he asks me about a letter, I tell him. I also help him find the same letter on multiple signs and talk about how the upper- and lowercase letters look different.

Finally, we talk about what the signs say and mean. After looking at the letters, Will often asks, "what does it say?" I read the names, and I talk to Will about why they have names on signs; that there is an election is happening, and they are running to help us run our schools. It's a great opportunity for conversation, which we know builds literacy. But also, these people are his neighbors and leaders in his community. I want him to know what all those letters are for; we grown ups use the letters to make words and to communicate our support for our fellow citizens and our values and priorities to others. Yard signs are, in this way, and incredible act of community literacy and an opportunity to connect early literacy to the world at large.

Try to enjoy this weekend, everyone. 

*Note: Will is not able to vote because he does not have the proper photo ID. Hence, he does not endorse any candidates.

FAQ: What Books Should I Read to My One-Year-Old?

A friend recently sent me this question: What books do your recommend for 12-18 month-olds?

This is such a good question. The fact is, picking out books that appeal to your child at this stage is tricky!

Age 0-1 is The Easy Part

When babies are very young, in the first year or so, they are used to sitting still, cuddling, and listening to your voice -- it's all they do. So, when you read a book, it's a different variety on that same activity. It doesn't really matter what you read, because they are still developing the basic concept of books and reading and don't really follow the plot. Very young children can't even focus on the pictures yet! So, the important thing at this age is hearing the rhythms of your voice, hearing new vocabulary, and feeling close to you. In his first year, I read Will whatever I found interesting, including all my childhood favorites, a huge book of fairy tales, all the Winnie-the-Pooh books, an anthology of Greek and Roman myths, and even The New Yorker.  Sometimes he would get restless and we'd stop, but mostly he just listened. We got thousands and thousands of words in that year!

Make Way For Ducklings; Will at 4 weeks.

Winnie-the-Pooh; Will at 4 months

Age 1-2 is Much Trickier

By the time children turn one, however, things have changed. They are much more active at this age, walking, exploring, and manipulating all kinds of objects and toys, so sitting quietly is often not a big part of your routine anymore. At the same time, they haven not yet developed strong listening comprehension skills and long attention spans that will allow them to really follow and enjoy stories. As a result, I often hear from parents that their kids at this age "just don't really like reading." They've tried it, and it didn't go that well, so they give it a rest, planning to get back to it when their kids are older and can pay attention. Either that, or they read the same two or three books every night at bedtime, and it's a comforting routine, but it's not that much fun for kids or parents.

This reaction makes sense -- after all, kids will be better able to enjoy and appreciate books when they are older and have longer attention spans, right? Well, yes and no. The fact is, listening comprehension does require attention, but it is also a skill that your child builds over time. So, the more books you read now, the faster their attention spans for reading will develop.

Simply put, reading books prepares children to read more books.

So, my recommendation is to keep at it, even when the going gets tough. Here are a kinds of books that worked for us from age one to two:

Board books. We often think of board books as "baby's first books", but it was not until Will turned one that I really started to appreciate board books as an art form. A good board book has bright, clear, evocative illustrations and just a little text per page. Kids can participate in the reading experience by turning the pages, simultaneously developing their print concepts.

Will's absolute number one favorite at this age was Harry the Dirty Dog, by Gene Zion. We just happened to find this board book at TJ Maxx a few weeks before Will's first birthday, and it was a favorite for almost a year.  Here are a few pictures of the pages:

As you can see, the pictures are colorful, clear, and engaging, and there are only 1-3 sentences per page. This meant that Will didn't have time to get bored before it was time to turn the page and see another cool picture. It also meant that the story overall was relatively simple and easy to follow. 

There are two kinds of board books, the regular, small kind and the extra-large kind, known as "lap board books." I really love the lap board books because I felt like Will just got lost in them. 

However, they are kind of hard to find, so I recommend snapping them up wherever you come across them. I found most of ours at TJ Maxx or Homegoods.

At this age, Will also loved these board books*:

Brown Bear, Brown Bear What Do You See?

Madeline

Olivia

Hop on Pop

Chugga Chugga Choo Choo

Red Truck

Spot Goes to the Farm

Jabberwocky

I Am A Bunny

I should point out that not all of these are great works of literature! Some of them, like the Spot books, are pretty lame. But, Will liked it and as long as you're reading lots of books to your child, they don't all have to be Booker prize winners.

*Note: The Amazon links are not necessarily to the board book formats for these books. These are great books in any format, and you have to choose which format you want (board book, paperback, hardcover). Unfortunately, the board book version of Harry the Dirty Dog is currently out of print! You can buy a used one on Amazon, or you can get the regular picture book version. They may also have the board book at your library.

Funny books.  As well as telling an engaging story in relatively short pages, Harry the Dirty Dog is also quite funny! Most of the books Will loved at this age were funny (at least to him). A good board book or picture book will have both humorous text AND illustrations. Another huge favorite of Will's at this age was Dragons Love Tacos, a book with a funny tone, funny premise, funny plot, and very funny pictures. He loved that book so much it was the theme of his first birthday party AND his Halloween costume six months later:

He also loved this book called Moo Hoo. I hated that book, but we read it many, many times because it gave Will the giggles every time!  

Concept books. At this age, Will also enjoyed alphabet books, counting books, labeling books, and opposite books. These books usually only have one word per page, but they gave him plenty to think about as he developed his understanding of letters, numbers, words, and opposites. His favorites included: ABC, A Child's First Alphabet Book, Museum ABC, Hippopposites, Oliva's Opposites, Curious George's 1 to 10 and Back Again, and 123 New York: A Cool Counting Book, but we honestly read dozens and dozens of these. 

Really Big Books. We got Will this enormous Richard Scarry book for his first birthday, and it's one of the best purchases we've made. It was big and sturdy enough for him to be able to climb all over it and to see the details in these incredibly busy pictures. It provided an introduction to the Richard Scarry genre, which has become one of his favorites. It's also a nice hybrid, a half-narrative, half-labeling book. I also look for teacher's edition, big books on ebay.

Informational Books. We often think of kids' books as storybooks, but kids need more exposure to informational text (Duke, 2000; 2004), and it's never too early to start! Will really enjoyed this national geographic series of board books.

Other tips for reading with a one-year-old:

Offer Choices: Choice is a great motivator for young children. By age 1, I would let Will pick out his own books from the kids' section of the library. Some of these books he liked, some not, but he was willing to give them a chance when he picked them out. Similarly, I would let him pick between two or three books when we sat down to read, and he could do this at six months old, by touching the book he wanted.

Keep Trying: Between ages 1 and 2, the book Will liked the most was the book he had read the most times recently. The book he liked the least was the new book I thought he would like. The first time we read a new book, he almost always had a neutral or negative reaction. But, I would keep trying, and by the third or fourth time he generally started to like it and ask for it. I would also strategically introduce new books. For example, he would get to read an "extra" book before nap (one more than usual) if it was a new book we hadn't read before.

Look Forward to Age 2! Always keep in mind your end goal -- to develop your child's interest and love of reading in the long term. You may not love the same books as your child in this stage, or you may not get to read the great children's literature you always dreamed of reading to your child. I understand; Will would not get near Where the Wild Things Are until very recently. It's perfectly fine -- great even -- to read your child's favorite books, whatever they are, over and over and over and over and over. But I also encourage you to keep up the variety, introducing different kinds of books and even some longer picture books into the mix when you get a chance, and eventually your child will surprise you by asking for Frog and Toad stories. At two and half, Will regularly listens intently through long informational books about Paris, strange rambling poems, and Winnie-the-Pooh stories. He is always excited to get new books from the library and read them at home. It's a whole new world!

The Five Main Things We Do: #1 Talking With (Not Just To) Your Child

In my last post, I described the four main early literacy skills that children develop before they learn to read: oral language, phonological awareness, print concepts, and alphabet knowledge. This might sound a like a lot to teach your child, but in my house it really boils down to five main things. I'll be covering those five things in the next few posts, but to begin at the beginning:

1. Talking with (not just to) your children.  

Oral language is developed through conversations with you child. Every time you speak to your child, you are building oral language skills, even long before they are able to acknowledge your speech or respond.

For me, this started when I was pregnant. I talked to Will all the time. I would describe what I was doing and why, describe what I could see outside in the world that he could not, and talk about how much we were looking forward to meeting him. There is no evidence, that I'm aware of, that prenatal language exposure makes a difference to later literacy development (although there is some evidence that babies can recognize their parents' voices in the womb). But for me, I was trying to develop in myself the habit of talking to someone who couldn't respond -- yet. Because the more I talked to Will, the sooner I hoped he would start to respond. 

Hi Will. We are in Charleston, South Carolina.

Once children do begin to speak, you are in a position to provide them with something even more valuable than input; feedback. When Will first said, "Mama", I would say, "Yes, I am your Mama."  When he said, "I goed to the store," I said "Oh, I see, you went to the store." By affirming his efforts, letting him know I understand, and reflecting it back to him in other words, I try to expand his understanding of different ways he can communicate the same ideas.

Of course, parents talk to their children all the time. We especially issue directives ("put on your shoes"), affirmations ("good job"), and negations ("stop throwing your food"). These language interactions are necessary parts of parenthood, but they are not as productive as having real conversations with back and forth. Negations in particular tend to shut down lines of communication, so I try to limit the times I have to tell Will "no" or "stop it" (easier said than done, at two and half). Conversations allow kids to participate, receive feedback, and ensure that they understand. Back-and-forth conversations in which both adults and children have multiple turns provide children with the most opportunities for growth. Language is primarily a social skill, and is best learned through real social interactions. This is why television programs, videos, radio, or just listening to adults talk to one another do not provide as big a boost for children's language development. In fact, a recent study indicates that the background noise of having a TV on can prevent kids from hearing and participating in the language interactions that really count.

Now that Will is a bit older, I find that these back and forth interactions are often about playing along with his burgeoning imagination.  In the photo below, Will has decided that this little house on our playground is take out restaurant, where I can order anything I want. So, I order increasingly silly-sounding food: "Veal scallopini" and Will brings it out and says "Here is your veal scallopini! Is it delicious?" And I say, "It is scrumptious!" Will delights in these strange and silly-sounding words.

I'll have the salmon sashimi, please.

With Will, I've also noticed that it really helps him calm down and listen to me and participate in our conversation when I get physically down at his level to talk, eye to eye. In fact, when he is starting to get upset, he says "talk to me down here, Mommy." It's easy to sort of address him above his head, while I'm checking my e-mail on my phone or cooking dinner, but that's not really engaging him and doesn't help him build his language skills in the same way as a true one-on-one conversation.

I also try to use real grown up words and syntax, even fairly elaborate constructions, when I talk to Will. For example, one of our favorite games right now is "erroneous." I say, "The sky is green. Is that true, Will, or is that erroneous?" and he says "Erroneous!" The other day, he said, "Mommy, you are a tiger. No, that would be a erroneous."

Why Talking With Children Matters

Talking to your children helps them build knowledge of syntax, language pragmatics, and of course, vocabulary. The most famous study of this issue is the Hart and Risley's Meaningful Differences. Through home observations, they identified that children of professional parents hear almost 30 million more words over the course of their early childhood than children of less advantaged parents, and that these differences are reflected in later academic performance. 

This research has been critiqued, I think fairly, as being not culturally aware of differences among family practices and falling into the trap of blaming poor parents for the educational outcomes of their children as opposed to observing the structural factors at play. I agree with these critiques, but their work still spawned a whole line of research around language inputs, much of which confirms that early language inputs and vocabulary development are very important for children's future literacy.

There are two main reasons for this link between early vocabulary and later reading performance. The first is that vocabulary and language knowledge support later reading comprehension; it's hard to understand what you are reading if you don't know what the words mean or understand the syntax or figures of speech!

The second reason is that learning more words may help children develop phonological awareness. This theory is called the lexical restructuring hypothesis, and basically, the idea is that the more words a child knows, the more attuned he or she must be to the sounds in words in order to tell them apart. Phonological awareness is one of the most important foundational literacy skills, so this is a huge benefit. By the way, this applies to word in any language; in fact, bilingual or multilingual children often demonstrate higher levels of phonological awareness than monolingual children.

So, I hope what you will take away is that even if you never read a book to your child (which we will talk more about), you are still helping develop their future reading skills just by talking to them and with them as much as possible. In fact, my colleague and mentor Dr. Patricia Edwards developed a program for parents who cannot read themselves to help them support their children in early literacy development through conversations, stories, and songs called Talking Your Way Into Literacy. Children who are by nature quiet or shy or who begin talking late are also learning language by listening to and engaging with you. Look for opportunities to discuss, to use big and unfamiliar words, and to enjoy language together. You're already off to a great start.

Recommended reading: Thirty Million Words: Building a Child's Brain by Dana Suskind, MD

What is early literacy?

In my last post, I talked about the various ways we have conceptualized a child's entry to read over time. But how do we think about learning to read now?

We now understand a lot about what is happening before children learn to read -- and it's a LOT! We usually think of reading education as beginning in kindergarten or first grade, but in fact, traditional reading and writing behaviors are like the visible parts of a plant: they don't exist without an extensive network of roots underground. In fact, when you see the plant, you're seeing the culmination of something that has been developing underground for a long time.

So, what research has established over the last twenty years or so is what those roots are made up. These early skills and forms of knowledge lay the groundwork for later reading and without them, reading can't happen. These skills have been called "prereading" (Chall, 1983), "emergent literacy" (Whitehurst & Lonigan, 1998), and now are commonly referred to as "early literacy" (National Early Literacy Panel, 2008). 

Early literacy includes all the things kids need to know before they start to read and write in conventional forms. As identified by the National Early Literay Panel, key early literacy skills include:

• Oral language: first and foremost, children need to learn to understand and speak their own language(s). This knowledge includes vocabulary, grammar, and pragmatics (how to communicate). Children need to develop both receptive vocabulary, which is words they can understand, and expressive vocabulary, which is words they can use themselves. Children start to develop this knowledge the first time you speak to them! This is why you hear about studies that identify the language exposure and vocabulary of very young children as important precursors of academic success. 
  
  

  

  This guy is still little, but his receptive vocabulary is "so big"!

• Phonological awareness: once children develop speaking knowledge of their own language, including lots of words, they need to develop an awareness of the sounds within words, or phonological awareness. It's one of the best predictors of learning to read (NELP, 2008).

• Print concepts: children need to learn how books and print work, including how books are organized, the direction that print travels across the page, even what a word is! (Flanigan, 2007).
  
• Alphabet knowledge: finally, children need to learn the uppercase and lowercase letters, how to form them in writing, and how they correspond to the sounds in words. This step represents the final bridge into reading and writing.

So, for various reasons you may decide you do or do not want to teach your child to read at home -- either way is fine. But in fact, you are already teaching your child to read, by providing the foundation for reading that they will build upon for the rest of their lives! When you enjoy speaking and singing with you child, or reading books, or playing with magnetic letters, or laughing at silly poems, you are teaching your child to read!

Should I Teach My Child to Read? -- The History

Tonight we're returning to the first parent FAQ I am addressing in this blog -- Should I teach my child to read?

As I mentioned in my previous post, this question goes back a long time, and I think it's important to understand how our thinking about when and how kids should learn to read has changed over time.

The "Mental Age" Theory

You don't have to "measure up" to read!

For a long time, we believed that reading was primarily a cognitive task, a function of IQ, and that children had to achieve a certain level of cognitive maturity, aka, "mental age," before they could learn to read (Gates, 1937), usually age six and a half:

For some time the problem of determining the optimum or necessary mental-age level at which reading can be successfully introduced has been under investigation. Recently statements have been made, in books written primarily for professional workers, which imply that this problem is fairly well solved. For example, Harrison states, "It has been found that in order to make any progress in reading a child must have attained a mental age of at least six years and that a mental age of six and one-half years more nearly insures success."

So, in this understanding, there was no reason to try to teach kids to read before they entered school, which at the time didn't begin until first grade; they just weren't smart enough yet!  On the flip side, as long as you were smart enough, you should be able to learn to read when the time came. At this time, reading ability and intelligence were often confused with one another.

We know now that very smart people can struggle with reading, but some of these ideas still persist. For example, one way we use to diagnose reading disabilities in schools is called the IQ discrepancy model. Under this model, a child is designated as reading disabled if the child is reading at a level significantly below what is typical for his or her IQ level. The implication of this model is that it's ok if you can't read, if you are also not "smart" as measured by traditional IQ tests!

However, we know now that reading is primarily a language task, not a measure of intelligence (Velluntino, Scanlon, & Lyon, 2000). A high IQ is not necessary for learning to read, and you don't have to wait for your child to get "smart" enough to read either.

The "Readiness" Model

This guy is ready for anything.

Eventually, it became clear that not all kids started reading naturally right at age six and half. So, instead, we moved to the thinking about reading "readiness". Under this theory, children needed to get "ready" to read by having a certain number of skills in place before reading instruction could begin (Smith & Chapel, 1970):

The time in a child's life when he becomes capable of reading involves a manifold readiness Gestalt. He must have reached readiness in four different aspects of growth; physiological, psychological (emotional and intellectual), educational and sociological (cultural and environmental).

So, under this model, you could do various things to make sure your child was "ready" to read at school entry including teaching him or her how books work and how to hold a pencil or crayon (e.g., "educational readiness"), but other factors, like your child's vision and hearing (physiological  readiness) just developed naturally (or  not).

Through this time, it was considered to be a bad idea to try to teach kids to read before they were "ready" and readiness was largely out of parents' control. Early readers were considered to be possibly at risk for confusion or struggle when they did get to school, as they had not been taught the fundamentals when they were "ready" to absorb them and in accordance with the most up-to-date pedagogy. Reading instruction did not begin until first grade, even after kindergarten became common.

Who Are Early Readers?  The Durkin Study (1966)

Even in this context, however, there were always kids like Scout Finch who learned to read before they were formally taught in school. In 1966, Dolores Durkin (1966) decided to actually study these kids! She studied almost 10,000 first graders in New York City and Oakland, California and identified that 1-3.5% of entering first graders were already reading before they had received any school instruction. She gave these children IQ tests, interviewed their families, and followed them longitudinally into the later grades. She found that:

• There were no IQ differences between early readers and later readers
• There were no bad longterm effects from learning to read early
• The main difference between early readers and later readers is that early readers had encouragement and help learning to read at home!

Her conclusion was that "Kindergarten programs should assist and encourage those children who wish to learn to read." —

Over time, it's become clear that another conclusion was equally important: parents and families can play a big role in helping children learn to read and there is no reason to avoid teaching your child to read if you and your child enjoy sharing books and literacy activities together. In future posts, we'll talk more about what research says about how reading develops and what this process looks like at my house.

It's not too early!

References:

Durkin, D. (1961). Children who read before grade one. The Reading Teacher, 14(3), 163-166.

Gates, A. I. (1937). The necessary mental age for beginning reading. The Elementary School Journal, 37(7), 497-508.

Smith, D. E., & Chapel, J. R. (1970). Reading Readiness. Reading Horizons,10(2), 3.

Vellutino, F. R., Scanlon, D. M., & Lyon, G. R. (2000). Differentiating Between Difficult-to-Remediate and Readily Remediated Poor Readers More Evidence Against the IQ-Achievement Discrepancy Definition of Reading Disability.Journal of Learning Disabilities, 33(3), 223-238.